ASDA’s Responses To Changes In Its Business Environment

ASDA Group (ASDA) owned by Wal-Mart group company, is a grocery and general merchandise retailer in the UK. In 2008, ASDA recorded a profit before tax of  £520.4m, down slightly from  £532.7m but exceeding arch rival Sainsbury's. ASDA's sales hit  £18.57bn, up from  £16.7bn, in ranking the chain third in the supermarket hierarchy after ASDA and Sainsbury's.There have been many changes in ASDA's business environment over the last 65 years. ASDA is usually conducting research to identify changes in the business environment and responding to the customer needs its research identifies. One of the research models is PESTE (STEEP). The PESTE model uses the five headings of sociological, technological, economic, environmental and political factors. Factors in the macro-environment such as tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes affect the management decisions at ASDA.Sociological (gender roles, age of consumers, the extent of local mig ration/mobility, patterns of consumption, culture of a population, out of town shopping/car usage, busy people/working more hours)One of the sociological factor is dietary habits. Nowadays, people want to try different and new foods. ASDA has responded by increasing its range of foreign foods such as Mexican, Indian and Chinese. Likewise, the large ethnic populations that have moved to the UK have made ASDA respond by increasing its range of foods. For example, there is a full aisle of Polish food in ASDA in Boston, Lincolnshire. This is not extraordinary, considering that in this little city (30,000 citizens) almost 50% is Polish. Another factor the ageing population also has impact on the demand for non-food products such glasses from optical stores. ASDA have its own ‘ASDA Opticians'. This is example how ASDA responds to changes in sociological environment and the age of customers factor.TechnologicalTechnology is an area where there have been a lot of advances. The example of this is the mass use of microwaves. The Company launched a range of microwaveable foods. Welcomed new technologies, ASDA has implemented online shopping and self service checkouts which make easier shopping for customers. Furthermore, new technologies enable improvements to the way that ASDA does its business. The company uses information technology to support its operations. For example, it can see how individual products are performing store-by-store at a glance through data collection. ASDA appears to have responded well in this area.Political – Legal changes (laws on foods, competition laws, rate of unemployment, tax policies, price regulations etc)Planning permission is heavily regulated in the UK. ASDA is aware of planning permission regulations. Store expansions goes ahead to comply with planning regulations. ASDA identifies relevant planning laws and comply with them to reduce any disruption to its store expansion programme by local people’s dissent or the local authority refusal. This supports the successful opening of a new store in an area. An example is the development of huge out of town ASDA Superstores which have huge car parks. This was made possible by the government allowing them planning permission to build.The UK is a member state of the EU so ASDA has to abide by EU laws e.g. competition laws. ASDA is restricted from growing too large. To overcome this they have started to offer more services such as financial services . There is ‘ASDA money' (ASDA FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED) which offers credit cards and insurance. In addition, it provides mobile phone network. The ‘ASDA mobile' is the cheapest supermarket mobile network with a cheaper overall tariff than rival Tesco.Environmental/Ecological (more focus on organic, recyclable, less waste, environmental regulations etc)A global warming is the one of the biggest threat to a natural environment. The cause of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide. To m eet these challenges, ASDA supports carbon reductions in most of its stores. ASDA’s  stores are eco-friendly, 40% more energy efficient and emitting 50% less carbon dioxide than a standard new build store. Over the past couple of years ASDA has been working with its suppliers to reduce the amount of carbon emitted during manufacture, growing and processing of their products — something that’s known as embedded carbon.Many people now do not want to eat food that has been grown or reared using chemicals, they want natural food. ASDA has responded by introducing a wide range of organic food ranges. For example, ASDA have launched the Organix brand which helps people to find organic food on storefront shelves.Economic (recession, competition, inflation, taxes etc)ASDA like its main competitors Tesco and Sainsbury have been accused of tax avoidance, depriving farmers of a livelihood and functioning as modern-day monopolies that drive local businesses out of communi ties. ASDA has grown enormously and has forced many small retailers out of business; they have received a lot of criticism in this area and appear not to care. They have also been criticised for the low prices they pay UK farmers for their products , which in same cases has forced farms close.In addition, ASDA has been criticised for not responding to the needs of some shareholders, such as UK farmers. As we see this economic factors are where ASDA has problems responding positively to changes in business environment. It could have negative influence for its clients. Some people could change their preferences and to go shopping in a competitor supermarket due to a bad publicity.ConclusionIt is important to respond accurately to factors such as tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes. This evaluation has considered how ASDA has responded to external changes. In evaluating how well they have responded, they have responded well to externa l changes concerning their customers but not so well in areas of economics. Some of these wrong responses has influence for negative public relations, especially force many small retailers out of business and the low prices they pay UK farmers for their products. In other hand, to take  responsibility for natural environment by carbon reductions policy is really impressive.

Future of the Juvenile Justice System Essay

Even with all the money and effort spent on the adult justice system the recidivism rate is astonishing. When we hear old sayings like â€Å"you can’t teach an old dog new tricks† or â€Å"you have to nip the problem in the bud† or â€Å"if you don’t want a rotten apple, don’t go to the barrel go to the tree†, do we realize the effect these concepts could have on the crime? If we realize it’s difficult to teach old offenders new behaviors and actually focus our efforts on â€Å"nipping the problem in the bud† or attempt to save the apple from spoiling while it’s still young and on the tree, we will be able to positively affect crime in the juvenile and adult justice systems. The Juvenile Justice SystemJuvenile justice first received help in the Supreme Court in the 1960’s in a case called Kent v. United States; this case started the due process for juveniles. The Supreme Court stated that â€Å"†¦the informal process of determining whether a juvenile should be tried in juvenile or in adult court failed to provide sufficient due process protection for children. The Court held that before a minor is transferred to adult court the child is entitled to an informal hearing where the trial court must articulate the reasons for the transfer so that the child can have an adequate record for appellate review.† (www.answers.com) One year later in 1967 the Court heard another case In Re Gault â€Å"†¦the Court determined that juveniles must at least receive alternative equivalents. Thus, in a juvenile delinquency trial, children are entitled to: (1) notice of the charges, (2) a right to counsel, (3) a right to confrontation and cross-examin ation, and (4) a privilege against self-incrimination.†(www.answers.com) The history from that point on has been slowly moving to giving juveniles the same protections as adults in the justice systems. â€Å"Academic experts have long recognized that crime is a young man’s game. The typical criminal is a male who begins his career at 14 or 15, continues through his mid-20s and then tapers off into retirement. Three statistics demonstrate the disproportionate impact of those under the age of 18 on criminal activity: While comprising roughly one-sixth of the nation’s population, they make up a full one-quarter of all people arrested and account for nearly one-third of the arrests for the seven crimes in the  Uniform Crime Index (homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, vehicle theft and larceny).† (www.Ihc.ca.gov)Juvenile experts believe the reasons why some juveniles commit crimes against society are because there are many influences that shape their decisions. â€Å"The family is, therefore, an important factor in the forces that determine delinquency. The family determines a child’s class, structure, and development, and the nourishing process is vital to formation of a child’s development. Family exerts the most influence on a human being. Any severe disturbance in one or both parents can produce a devastating negative impact on a juvenile.† (Wickliffe, 2000)Environment plays a role in the lives of juveniles. It affects the manner in which they will react to the situations presented to them. The juvenile’s friends and associates influence and guide most of the decisions that are made. Juveniles usually commit crimes as a group and not so much on an individual basis. Juvenile Programs to Prevent CrimeBecause of the many roots of crime, no single preventive program is the â€Å"silver bullet† that will halt juvenile crime. However mentoring is a type of youth program that has seen positive results. Communities throughout the nation have realized that trained, sworn law enforcement officers assigned to schools make a difference. Mentoring has been around for hundreds of years, yet it is a newly developing trend in law enforcement. When the lives of troubled youths are examined the triggers for their actions are multiple: Parents have failed, schools have failed, public organizations have failed, and communities have failed. The concept that there are consequences linked to decisions and actions is not passed down to children. To reinvigorate these elements into society requires that multiple strategies that be put into place according to specific needs of families, neighborhoods and communities. †¢Purpose of the mentoring programThe purpose of the mentoring program is to teach at risk youth and their families about substance abuse, crime prevention, gang resistance, and positive community involvement. In 2002 the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that mentoring is a recognized violence prevention strategy and is most effective for youth in middle childhood (6-11years old). Since mentoring is most effective from an early  age, it is imperative that the program begin at the kindergarten level and follow throughout the adolescent years. Participating in the mentoring programs provides alternatives to criminal delinquency and future criminal behavior. The mentoring program will introduce youth to the police officers and allow the youth to become more accepting of the police officer’s role in society. †¢Participants of the mentoring programThe mentoring program will be focused on young people and their families who are at risk by virtue of individual factors (e.g. hyperactivity, and learning disabilities), family situation (e.g. unemployment, parental absences or incapacity) or community aspects (e.g., dangerous neighborhood) that may lead to crime and violence. The program will also be available to youth involved with guns, gangs, and drugs or exhibit delinquent or near delinquent behavior or youth who have witnessed or experienced violence†¢Location of program:The mentoring program will take place in every public school within the State of Utah. †¢Time frame of programThe mentoring program will be continuously running fiscal year to fiscal year with the assistance of the Utah State Legislature, the Department of Education, the federal government programs and local municipality programs. †¢General overview of program:Participating schools will benefit from the program. Local police departments will designate the officers in charge of each territory of the designated areas. Along with local community members, law enforcement officers will work with the youth on a variety of educational programs aimed at deterring youth and their families from crime while allowing the youth to learn valuable life-long learning skills. Juvenile Courts and CorrectionsBecause programs will not deter all juvenile crime, Juvenile courts and corrections will continue to play a vital role in developing our youth. With methodical and calculated use of our courts and correctional systems in a juvenile justice world, we will attempt to prevent and deter crime overall. If we smartly invest money in the juvenile justice system, specifically in courts and corrections, we will ultimately save  money by deterring youth from committing crimes as adults. Because children often imitate their parent’s behaviors, when parents are introduced into the Justice system for crimes they have committed, DCFS will be dispatched to the offender’s residence. There they will assess and evaluate the home including the parents ability to properly raise children. Due to importance of parental presence in the lives of children, parents may defer time in prison by attending various mandatory self help and parenting classes along with community service. In substance abuse cases, parents will be required to go to become drug by attending rehab and drug counseling. In the cases where these programs fail to prevent crime, counseling and behavior modification courses and activities will be the main objective for youth. However if these programs also fail a more â€Å"tough love† type of program will be enforced. Programs like â€Å"Scared Straight† where at risk youth are taken to prisons to see what awaits them if they continue in their ways. On this same vein, juvenile correction centers will be strict and more like adult prison. Instead of making it easy or dorm like, it will be a place that juveniles hope never to return to. PrivatizationIn order to fund these programs, we recommend many of the programs and specifically the juvenile detention/correction centers, be outsourced to the private sector. Private companies wishing to be considered for outsourcing need to have been in business for a reasonable length of time (at least 5 years) and have contracts and facilities that are successfully ran in the private sector. The board’s decision to build future facilities privately has many advantages. First, recent public opinion has not been favorable toward the idea of using taxpayer dollars to build new jails. Education and transportation projects usually garner more support. In addition, private investors can build future facilities faster and cheaper than a public sponsored facility since they are able to take the lowest bid from a contractor. Public sponsored buildings on-the-other-hand, must receive numerous bids from contractors, and in the end, does not guarantee that the lowest bid will be used. Private investors usually have an easier time securing the land that will be needed to build the facility. Private  investors are also able to secure contracts with other companies at a better rate. These contracts are for services such as, food, medical, and clothing services. These sub-contract companies are willing to provide cheaper rates for long running contracts. Tight budgets are always an issue with any project. With the use of a private investor, the legislature can sign a contract and know exactly how much the facility will cost. In addition to being privately funded, the board is also recommending the privatization of all daily operation inherent with new facilities. These private, sub-contract businesses will control all of the following in the facility: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Day-to-day oversight and management of all jail operations. †¢Complete facility management, including design, construction, maintenance and renovation. †¢All personnel services including hiring, training, payroll and benefits. †¢Screening, booking and releasing of all inmates. †¢Complete health care for all inmates including dental care and vision care. †¢Educational, vocational, work and faith-based programming. †¢Food and Nutrition services. †¢Transportation services, including extraditions and court appearances. The decision to go private will decrease the State’s liability from inmate lawsuits. The State will be considered indemnified through a â€Å"hold-harmless† clause in the contract with a private company. The private company will adhere to the American Correctional Association (ACA) guidelines and by doing so limit the county’s liability. Programs Inside Juvenile Detention CentersPrograms offered at future juvenile facilities will be for the benefit of the inmates and the communities they  will eventually reside in. Listed below are the programs and intended benefits. †¢Program one: Read and Write Tutoring. Read and write tutoring will be offered to the inmates free of charge. This program will help the inmates learn to read and write past a 4th or 5th grade level. This program helps to educate the inmates so they will have a better chance at finding a decent job after they leave the jail. †¢Program two: GED. The jail will provide GED classes for inmates of age (17), wishing to earn his or her certificate. The program will be taught by volunteers and will conduct classes four times a week. The inmate will have to master five subject areas: reading, writing, mathematics, social studies and science. â€Å"Studies have shown that GED attainment lowers recidivism rates by 20%.†(MCSO website). †¢Program three: Critical Thinking. Critical thinking is a program designed to help the inmate change their way of thinking in certain situations. This program uses conflict to teach correct reactions to real life problems. The program will help the inmate understand consequences are the natural reaction to all decisions. †¢Program four: 12 Step Program. 12 step programs are available for any inmate that wants to overcome an addiction to drugs and/or alcohol. This program when followed will enable the inmates to stop using these harmful substances. This will help the inmate enter society without an addiction, specifically with drugs†¢Program 10: Anger Management. Anger Management is offered for the benefit of the inmates. This class helps demonstrate why controlling anger and taking the time to think before reacting to life’s problems is important. This program will allow the inmate to slow down and pinpoint where their aggression starts. This helps the inmate once they are released from jail, because as they enter society, they will need to control their temper. Conclusion As mentioned, youth commit a disproportionate amount of society’s  crime. Police have a saying â€Å"There’s no such thing as an old street gangster†. Either they end up in prison where they cannot commit street crimes or they end up dead. It is our goal to prevent crime and deter criminal behavior by teaching youth. We will accomplish this with mentoring programs beginning in grade school, having the justice system/DCSF step in when parent’s criminal behavior will effect and influence their children’s behavior. Our juvenile detention centers will be strict but also offer many programs aimed at teaching young offenders new behaviors giving them new tools on how to live in society. The way we will pay for the additional costs for these programs is by privatizing youth detention centers. References http://www.Ihc.ca.gov/Ihcdir/127rp.html Retrieved March 15, 2008. http://www.homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/crime/theocrim.htm Retrieved March 15, 2008Wickliffe, J. 2000. hhtp://yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/unit/2000/2/00.02.07.x.html#e Retrieved March 15, 2008http://www.njjjc.com/pdf/jjcsucessBW_2006_04.pdf Retrieved March 15, 2008http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/funding/fy07awards.html Retrieved March 15, 2008http://www.answers.com/topic/juvenile-justice-system-in-re-gault-and-the-constitution Retrieved March 15, 2008

Communications Chapter

Interpersonal communication is the way by which we maintain personal relationships. Interpersonal communication occurs most likely with someone that you know, and depends on what you know about them as an individual. 2. True of False: The social information processing theory states that we can communicate rational and emotional messages via the Internet, and that it will not take longer than it would to express these messages with facial expressions and tone of voice. Correct Answer: False (found on page 21) Social media is a huge part of our current culture.People today, especially those of a younger age, often find it normal to document every detail of their daily lives online to share with people they barely know. While social media can be a great way to stay in contact with friends or relatives that live far away, or keep up to date with the lives of those you care about, it is important to remember the value of talking face-to-face. Text messages and tweets can be misinterpreted in their meaning because the reader in unable to hear the one of voice or observe the body language of the sender.These subtle cues are a valuable part of communication, and we have been learning how to interpret them since the daddy were born. 3. The media richness theory suggests that the richness of a communication channel is based on all of the following criteria except: A. The amount of feedback that the communicator can receive B. The number of cues that the channel can convey and that can be interpreted by a receiver C. The variety of language that a communicator uses D. The skill of the communicatorCorrect Answer: D (found on page 21) All of the other options are essential to assessing the value, or richness, of communication. Someone can be a fantastic public speaker, but they will still achieve a less-rich connection over a fax than an average communicator could in a face-to-face conversation. There are so many things that we do in an actual conversation that conveys our emotions or feelings without even realizing it. We may step away when we have somewhere to be, or avoid eye contact when we are uncomfortable.

Managing Financial Resources and Decision Essay

Managing Financial Resources and Decision - Essay Example Sole traders and general partners can have their separate properties answer for the liabilities of the business organization because of their unlimited liability when the business entities go wrong There is also anonymity, in the limited company as one can appoint nominee officers in said business organization. Such anonymity can be an advantage as to keep some sense of invincibility in some aspects as compared to revealing many possible weaknesses to those who are interested with the company. As compared with a partnership, many problems can be avoided in case of limited company. This would include defining who is in charge and who should own the business and in cases of resignation of a partner that could disrupt the business. Another advantage over the sole trader and partnership could come from better credibility brought from better transparency and certain anonymity in the market place. The effect of this could be some degree of ease in raising loans for the business. Lower tax liabilities compared to a sole trader could also arise. While a sole trader’s tax could reach as high as 40% of net profit, an owners of a limited company can so drawing a salary, which could in effect an avoidance of tax for a higher rate can be avoided Limited liability as an organizations are not without some of the disadvantages however. One is chance of ownership of assets being locked up in the company. There is also less privacy and more transparency because of the need to register company's accounts, officers and shareholders at Companies House. 2.2 Task 2 --The initial cost. Provide detail of items of expenditures you will need to obtain before you start trading. State how much capital will be needed on commencement, and how and where this initial finance would be obtained. Investigate a range of different sources of finance and comment on how they compare. State why the chosen sources of finance are appropriate for your business. The details of expenditures that tha t the owner would need to obtain before he/she starts trading include the following. He/she would need to spend for the place to rent. He/she would need a land and building which he/she can either buy or rent. In addition, he/she would need of course to buy for inventories to sell. He/she would need to pay for the salaries of sales and store personnel. Basically the amount of capital would be guided by the amount of revenues that the owner could be making per period. The higher the expected revenues, the higher would be the need for expenditures as the same could mean higher space to place goods for sale and serve the customers. The expenditures there could include but capital expenditure and non-capital expenditure. The different sources could come from my investment which can either be in the form of cash or property. Another source from loans which can come from suppliers who will sell the goods on terms. Thus

Mulitcultralism and how it affects education Essay

Mulitcultralism and how it affects education - Essay Example Culture shapes human behavior, attitudes, and values. Human behavior results from a process of socialization, and socialization always takes place within the context of specific cultural and ethnic environments. A person's humanity cannot be isolated or divorced from his or her culture or ethnicity. One cannot be human without culture and ethnicity, and one cannot have culture and ethnicity without being human. Now multiculturism becomes the focus point for educators and policy makers to be included and becomes necessity to include it in their planning process itself. In the shrinking world where different nationalities interacting with each other on the regular basis and people are moving freely within the world, education become the central point of interaction between them. People are moving outside world for education only. So people having different language, set of ethos and social value to attitude as well as behavior interacts with each other simply affects the education. Eac h & every Govt. and Educators have to take care of these change and multiculturism phenomenon and understanding has to be included in the curriculum itself. Now multiculturism becomes part of the education system as a whole and a whole lot of theories of multicultural education is being shown us the further path for educational development and research. Schools are microcosms of mainstream society (LaBelle, 1976). In their procedural norms, codes of behavior, structural arrangements, and distribution of power, privilege, and responsibility, they mirror Anglo centric cultural values. Just as classroom teachers, school administrators, and policymakers carry their cultural experiences and perspectives into their educational decisions and actions, students from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds do likewise in their learning attitudes and behaviors (Gay, 1994). Teaching about cultural pluralism is the most traditional and common approach. It is primarily content centered, with an emphasis on developing units of instruction (lessons, modules, courses) about the history, heritage, contributions, and social issues of ethnic groups. These units may be designed to be included in any school subject, but most often appear in social studies, language arts, and fine arts. Another manifestation of this approach is analyzing textbooks and other instructional materials for their treatment of people of color and revising them when necessary to increase their accuracy and overall representation of cultural diversity. Multicultural education means different things to different people. Multicultural education relates to education and instruction designed for the cultures of several different races man education system. This approach to teaching and learning is based upon consensus building, respect and fostering cultural pluralism within racial societies. Multicultural education acknowledges and incorporates positive racial idiosyncrasies into classroom atmospheres (Tisdell, 1995). Multiculturism affects specifically the learning environment. A particular classroom, including the instructor or facilitator and the learners in a specific learning situation, constitutes the learning environment in this sense. Of course the specific learning environm

Literature review (Analysis and design of Steel lattice

(Analysis and design of Steel lattice telecommunication tower - Literature review Example â€Å"In the very beginning, more than 100 years ago, the first steel lattice towers for telecommunications were produced of flat-sided profiles like the angular profiles since it was easy to produce and... assemble† (Packer and Willibald, 2006, 45). Since the phone was invented in the 1870s, with the twang on June 2, 1875 and the famous â€Å"Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you† issued on March 10, 1876, this means that steel lattice towers have been used almost since the start of modern telecommunications, only thirty years or so after the invention of the phone (Bellis, 2011). The early steel lattice telecommunications towers were things of pure efficiency, designed purely for cost-saving and speed (Smith, 2007, 75). Transmission lines make any cost-saving useful because the line requires numerous standardized elements, so the steel lattice towers were often used as a line to run cable (Smith, 2007, 75). However, even in the earliest days of steel lattice constr uction, extensive testing was used, with testing stations pushing the towers to the point of destruction (Smith, 2007, 75). This helped lead to design curves on angle sections. Early towers were far from precarious, but were vulnerable to wind stress. Modern free-standing steel lattice towers have tended to adopt a tubular profile design because of wind stress and material costs, particularly in Northern Europe (Packer and Willibald, 2006, 45). They tend to â€Å"vary in face width from top to bottom† and use different bracing patterns (Smith, 2007, 75). Heights have varied from a mere 10 meters to 200 meters. Steel lattice towers are one of the more common low-lying telecommunication towers design, eclipsing guyed masts until around 150 meters (Smith, 2007, 75). This is because, below 150 meters, the cost â€Å"increases more rapidly with height† since there is a large ratio of height to base width which guyed towers do not need (Smith, 2007, 75). Modern steel free-st anding lattice towers have fallen out of favor in developed countries because of environmental impacts (Urbano, 2001). â€Å"Currently available design solutions with acceptable appearance are not employed in the developing countries, mainly for cost reasons. In the developing countries the use of the traditional lattice transmission towers will continue employing steel angles† (Urbano, 2001, 36). This is not to say they are not in use, but that other alternatives, particularly concrete, have pushed them out of the way. Currently, the tallest free-standing steel lattice construction in the world is the Kiev TV Tower, which was built in 1974 while the Iron Curtain was in full force (Construction Week, 2010). â€Å"The tower weighs 2,700 tons and is unique in the fact that no mechanical fasteners were used in its construction†; every single piece is welded together (Construction Week, 2010). The tower rests on a 100 meter four-legged base, after which is the microwave tr ansmission equipment; at 200 meters, TV and FM transmitting equipment begins. Ironically, the Kiev TV Tower could have been even larger, but it was decided not to be placed in Moscow, and the Moscow tower uses prestressed concrete, though it remains free-standing (Construction Week, 2010). The Kiev tower would have been 30% larger had it been built in Moscow. Another classic of steel lattice design is the

Soviet Unions Decision to Acquire Nuclear Weapons and how it Overcame Essay

Soviet Unions Decision to Acquire Nuclear Weapons and how it Overcame the Obstacles to Acquire Nuclear Weapons - Essay Example The use of nuclear weapons by the US at the end of the second world war and the fact that they kept it as a secret from the Soviet Union has created a fear for Soviet leadership that they might use it for dominating them (Krieger, 2005). The decision to make nuclear weapons was a political decision of Stalin. He made the decision in the same year the Second World War ended (Reed, 2010). It took only four years for Soviet Union to become nuclear. The first nuclear weapon that they fired was a copy of the bomb dropped in Nagasaki by the US. It added to their prestige and deterrent potential. The Soviet effort to develop nuclear weapon was led by Igor Kurchatov at a secret site known as Arzamas-16 (Cold War: A Brief History, 2011). They were helped by spies inside the Manhattan project, most notably by Klaus Fuchs. Fuchs had German origin, but took British citizenship and was send to US to work on the atom bomb. He passed detailed information on the project to the Soviet Union through a courier in 1945 (Klaus Fuchs , 2011). Using the detailed description made by Klaus Fuchs, Soviets constructed a similar copy of the Fat Man bomb (Cold War: A Brief History). It was tested at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan on August 29, 1949 and its estimated yield was about 22 kilotons (Cold War: A Brief History). He also passed information regarding hydrogen bomb in 1946 an 1947, but that were not very useful. Reports of the unusual explosive force of the atomic bomb appeared in Soviet press for the first time in Pravda on 13th October 1941. Medvedev (n.d.) points out that the release of a spontaneous chain reaction by the fission of uranium-235, which had been done in 1938 in Germany by Otto Hahn, and by Frederic Joliet-Curie in France, was independently discovered by the young Soviet physicists Georgy Flerov in Leningrad and Yulii Khariton in Moscow in 1939. In the United States, the possibility of developing atomic bomb was discussed in the press in 1940. Flerov beli eved that research was taking place in Germany and the US in the field of uranium fission. He sent a letter to Stalin saying that nothing is being published about the nuclear program and there is something suspicious (Soviet Atomic Bomb Project, 2011). In that letter, he wrote, â€Å"we must build uranium bomb without delay (Thomas B. Cochran, 1995)†. Intelligence officials of Moscow had definite information about this. In the Soviet system during that period, only Stalin got all secret intelligence information. Medvedev argues that the intelligence communications about the atom bomb were also seen and considered firstly by Stalin. In 1942, the Soviet secret service received information from Cairncross, Fuchs and Pontecorvo. They were diehard communists. Klaus Fuchs was a physicist and atomic scientist who left Germany in 1933. John Cairncross was the secretary of Lord Hankey, one of the war ministers of the War Cabinet. Bruno Pontecorvo, was an Italian emigre and close colla borator of the famous Enrico Fermi, who, in 1942, was the first person in the world to construct a nuclear reactor (Medvedev). They send information as goodwill and on their own initiative. Much of the information passed by them was scientific in nature and only a physicist could understand them. In May-June 1942, Kaftanov reported on a letter addressed to Stalin from the physicist Flerov, who explained in a much clearer way what the atomic bomb represented, and why Germany or the USA could possess this bomb in the not too distant future (Medvedev). On hearing Kaftanov’s report, Stalin walked about a little in his Kremlin office, thought, and said ‘it is necessary to act’ (Medvedev). By this time, the intelligence departments have gathered 2000 pages of technical information regarding atomic

How can high schools better educate students imaginations Essay - 1

How can high schools better educate students imaginations - Essay Example Educating students’ imaginations through the different initiatives forms a firm foundation for creativity and generation of improved ideas. This paper elaborates how having a class pet would improve students’ imaginations in school and later on in life i.e. expanding their imaginative skills could mark their cultivation as a habit and application in daily tasks of the world. Pets or animals make good companions for man and the relationship creates a different understanding of everything as compared to the way humans express their interactions. Introducing a class pet creates a unique chance that educators can utilize for edification through fun and augmented interaction. Some student’s might argue that they are too old to pet but it is because they do not comprehensively understand the advantages of introducing a rabbit, cat or hamster as part of the curriculum. Learning works better when students cultivate a candid interest of the environment and its components thus introducing a pet in the English or art class enhances the overall experience. The idea of class pet provides a wide platform for educating students’ imagination inside and outside the classroom. For instance, the teacher can ask the students to research on the class pet, which sparks an interest in reading various books on the pet and can share with their age-mates. Upon researching, the teacher can also request the students to write an article on their pets after everyone spending a day with it. The description of their experience enhances the imaginative skills, especially if the teacher participates more by giving each student a particular aspect to focus on in their description. Additionally, such a task combines English and imaginative skills development. Definitely, the idea of a class-pet for better educating students’ imagination has its challenges with the main being resentment from students in the classroom. Definitely, some of the

Compare and contrast the various diagramming techniques used in UML2.0 Essay

Compare and contrast the various diagramming techniques used in UML2.0 - Essay Example UML2.0 is a version of Unified modeling Language which is was develops to use graphic notations and modeling techniques to develop various visual models that are built and applied within systems to facilitate business activities. This paper gives a critical analysis, discussion and comparison of the various diagramming techniques and how they are used within UML2.0 to design and model systems. The various diagraming techniques are explained through illustrations or examples to demonstrate their similarities and differences. There are two major categories of diagrams in the UML2.0 system design and modeling techniques. These are structure and behavior diagrams which represent structural information and behavior of systems respectively. In each of the two major UML2.0 diagraming techniques are seven diagrams which represent various aspects of systems. Therefore, there is a total of fourteen diagrams which are used in the design and modeling techniques of UML2.0. Figure 1 below represen ts an overview of the two categories of diagrams which the UML2.0 design and modeling techniques employs to develop visual systems2. Figure 1: UML2.0 Diagramming All the diagrams under structural diagraming techniques of UML2.0 are similar in the fact that they all represent structural information. ... However, four of the behavior diagrams are used to depict the interactions which exist among different systems. The common similarity of the UML diagrams in system design and modeling is the elements which they contain. In UML2.0 based design and modeling, the elements of a system are depicted in the diagram in defining the structure and model of the system as a whole3. The elements which are composed in the UML2.0 diagramming include actors, business activities, business processes, UML statements, database schemas, software components and logical components. Each of the elements of UML2.0 diagramming plays different roles in communicating the structure and design of the system model. In addition the diagrams within the UML.0 diagramming are basically used to visualize what the system will look like in real application after it has been constructed or installed. Through these diagrams, the required modifications to systems are explained and designed. This is because of the common fea ture of UML2.0 diagramming which ensures that standards are used to specify the details of design and structure of various systems. The diagrams used in UML2.0 mediated system design and modeling are aimed at ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of systems is ascertained before they are actually built or constructed. The diagrams used in UML2.0 mediated system design and modeling are also similar in the fact that they combine different techniques in achieving the desired design and models of systems. The techniques which are employed by the UML2.0 diagraming techniques include data and business modeling. Entity relationship diagrams are specifically employed in data modeling within the

Personal Financial Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Financial Management - Research Paper Example Following are my observations while reviewing the plan. During the first week while I was reviewing the expenses, it was an eye opening situation that the major spending were on account of food stuff, clothing and spending leisure time. The total expenses were $1,312/- excluding my credit card payments, rental payments and groceries. I then thought for remedial measures to curtail my expenditure and sort out the problem with the fact that if I start cooking myself, search for the discounted items and spend less to spent leisure and by doing this I can not only manage my finances, live my life accordingly but also save something for the rainy day. While reviewing the data of the second week I noted that I certainly curtail my expenses on food stuff by 33% and the overall expenses reduced from $1,312/- to $ 850/- in second week excluding my house rent and credit card payments which shows betterment and my interest towards savings, but still the major expenses were made on account of gr oceries where I spent $223.83/- and for spending leisure I spent $118.81. I realized that the daily log is helping me in managing my finances and I immediately checked my spending and realized that I must engage myself instead in some sports activities for spending leisure time rather to go to the massage parlor or some other places where I spend much more than sports and for the prosperous future I have to develop future goals and by realizing the importance of savings, I immediately create three stages of my future goals through which I can live a prosperous, happy and comfortable life and the stages are: Short Term Goals, Intermediate Term Goal and Long Term Goal. Short Term Goals are those that can be achieved within a year and can increase my future saving. For e.g. If I purchase a car it will save my transportation cost and the amount which I am expensing out every week will be saved. Intermediate Term Goals are those that can be achieved with in the period of 2 to 5 years and includes things that will certainly increase my savings. For e.g. If I purchase house it will be a onetime investment but it will save my monthly mortgage installment on which I have to pay interest. Long Term Goals are those that can be achieved after six years with no upper limit like my retirement plan which has no upper limit and more I save money during my employment, happier I will live my life after retirement. While selecting the amount which is to be expensed out on weekly basis in order to achieved the target, I set the priorities and assign education the highest priority with the weekly expense of $170/- and the total expense were of $420/- per week accumulating $1,818/- per month. My Intermediate Goals are several including purchase of house, starting own business, education and buy a new car. For this purpose after thorough discussions with my friends, I have once again given highest priority to the education with the expense amount of $350/-per week accumulating $18,2 00 per year and by doing this much saving I will be able to achieve the college funds for my children by the end of 2016 i.e. in 3 ? years. My final goal is to save something for myself which can be used in case of need and this the financial plan helps me lot and by the help of the plan, I not only opted a semi retirement plan but also plan to save some thing for the cruise which I always aiming for and for the accomplishment of both the aims I have started saving $5/- per week for the cruise and $250/- per week for

Using writing for meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Using writing for meaning - Essay Example Living in poor families decreases a child’s expectations of their life. This may lead to a cycle of poverty whereby generation after generation lives in poverty. As adults, these children are likely to be unemployed, homeless and involved in antisocial behaviors like crime and substance abuse. In order to break this cycle, there is need to invest in education through which development of skills is possible. Children who live in households with an income of less than 60% of the national average (below poverty line) are referred to as poor children. However, child poverty should take into account whether a child has access to a good education, good home and a stable family. Child poverty constitutes the greatest threat to the well being of children and families. This is because it affects the social, educational and personal development of a child. In the UK, about 3.5 million children are estimated to be living in poverty. Poverty Unemployment, low paid work and inadequate benefits are the causes of poverty in the UK today. According to Child Poverty Action Group; in 2009/10, 42% of all families below UK poverty line contained no working members while 58% contained at least 1 working member and jobless individuals entitled to benefits and tax credit only received 65% of the amount they required in order to live above the UK poverty line (n/d). Statistics show that a child is likely to be at risk of poverty if they live in a household where there is only one parent. This could be attributed to the possibility of the parent feeling isolated and stigmatized by the community. They are also likely to be in poor physical and mental health leading them to be socially excluded. Children from ethnic minority groups are likely to be poor as majority of these families have no working members. Disability is also a cause for child poverty. This is because it is costly to take care of a disabled member of a household and i t is therefore

Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Plato and Aristotle Essay Plato and Aristotle were two philosophers who made an impact on philosophy as we know it as today. Plato is thought of as the first political philosopher and Aristotle as the first metaphysical philosopher. They were both great intellectuals in regards to being the first of the great western philosophers. Plato and Aristotle each had ideas in how to better life by improving the societies in which they were part of during their lives. The views of Plato and Aristotle look different but they do have some similarities to them. Plato is mostly known for his Theory of Forms and Aristotle is known for his thoughts in universals. Even though they both thought a bit differently they did agree in a few things. Plato and Aristotle not only had an impact on society in the past but today’s society as well. Plato was a teacher to Aristotle and lived during the Peloponnesian War, which lead to the end of the Athenian democracy. He had eyewitness account of Socrates, his mentor, trial and execution. Unhappy with the political corruption that plagued the Athenian democratic government, he removed himself from politics. He strongly felt that neither a moral individual nor a state could be established in a democratic environment. Plato felt that the common man was not intelligent enough to deal with concepts that influence the state such as economics, policies and other relative matters. He thought of philosophers as being the most intelligent among men. He viewed political incumbents in the Athens government basically as bought individuals in office for the good of themselves and not society as a whole. Another danger was that extreme liberties given to the people in the democratic society could potentially lead an anarchy. Aristotle was a student of Plato’s and teacher of Alexander the Great. He created his own school in Athens. He thought of metaphysics to be the first philosophy, which was a large interest to him. Aristotle’s stated that forms were universal. According to Aristotle, notion of Essential properties makes something what it is, and accidental properties are the differences of that item. Aristotle believed the state and the individual are similar and democracy would be the better government. In Book VII of The Republic by Plato, Socrates describes the Allegory of the Cave. It is a metaphor to illustrate the effects of education on the human soul. It can also be understood as what is real and what is believed to be real in life. Even though Plato had his ideal city, the forms was really what people could connect with. There is so much one can take from his thoughts on the forms that could be applied to society today. Plato starts out comparing people that are uneducated to prisoners chained in a cave, unable to turn their head. All they can see is the wall of the cave in front of them. A fire behind them burns bright. Between the fire and the prisoners, there is an area for puppeteers to move around and hold up the puppets to cast shadows on the wall that is in front of the prisoners. This is what the prisoners see every single day. This is all they know; shadows, echoes, the smell of the fire, and darkness. They believe that that shadows are reality. One of the prisoners is allowed to go outside of the cave. Once they reach the outside of the cave, they are blinded by the light because they have not seen such. Once their eyes start to adjust, they start seeing shapes and objects around them. They see that the sun is what creates light and that the tall objects with leaves are trees. They are colorful with moving parts. They go back outside to tell the prisoners, but they are not believed. Those still inside of the cave thinks the person just came in from the outside ill because that is not what they see in the cave, they did not see the outside for themselves, so therefore, it does not exist. So now the person that just came in from the bright sun light cannot see very well in the darkness of the cave, their eyes have not adjusted to the darkness, and people think they are crazy. This is where this view fails for Aristotle because it is not realistic. Aristotle rejects Plato’s Theory of Forms, and makes the way for his realistic approach, which underlines observation first and abstract reasoning second. Being a student of Plato’s, I believe he was indebted to justify at lengths why he disagrees with doctrines of his teacher. He provided detailed arguments against many of Plato’s doctrines, a lot of his major works, focusing in particular on the Theory of Forms. In Aristotle’s critique he thinks this theory is essentially an assertion of the superiority of universals over particulars. Plato argues that particular instances of beauty or justice exists only because they participate in the universal Form of Beauty. Say a there are two objects, one is colorless and the other one is red. The colorless one goes where the red on is located. Since the colorless object and the red object are participating, they are both red objects. They have a certain nurture and nature. However, Aristotle argues that universal concepts of beauty and justice derive from the instances of beauty and justice in this world. We only arrive at an idea of beauty by observing particular instances of beauty. This universal quality of beauty has no existence beyond this idea that we build from particular instances. He is staying that the particulars come first and the universals come after and therefor, Aristotle places emphasis on the importance of observing the details of this world. Which leads me to understand his thoughts on happiness a little more. With putting the weight on observing happiness can measured by a person’s life. Aristotle lays out in Book X in the Nicomachean Ethic’s, the continuation of his thoughts on pleasure, happiness and the end of life, and ethics and politics. His view on happiness and the end of human life really made me question his way of thinking. Aristotle suggests that happiness is the final end of life because nothing is greater than happiness or the good life and it goes against his universal theory. Aristotle proposes that happiness, or the good life, is taken to be a most final end. â€Å"We said, then, that happiness is not a characteristic, for in that case it could be present even to someone asleep thought his life, living the life of plants, and to someone undergoing the greatest misfortunes. †(Nicomachean Ethics, 1176a-1176b). The good life for humans is the life of choosing to life the life according to the virtues. â€Å"For we choose everything, so to speak, for the sake of something else-except happiness, for it is the end. † (Nicomachean Ethics, 1176b). Also, it seems that only humans can be happy because the happiness is an important nature of every individual human and it is unique to humans in that the function of humans is what distinguishes them from other kinds of things. Happiness is a self-sufficient activity desirable for its own sake. One seeks nothing from happiness beyond the actual experience or performance of it as an activity. Activities that are desirable in themselves are activities in conformity with virtue and indicates that the greatest happiness must be activity in conformity with the highest virtue. It is wrong to confuse happiness with various kinds of amusements involving bodily pleasures, as many people do. Such amusements are neither virtuous nor ends in themselves, but are merely relaxing diversions in which one occasionally engages for the sake of future activity. The greatest happiness is activity in conformity with the highest virtue is excellence. Intelligence is mans highest possession and the objects of intelligence are the highest objects within his grasp. It is clear that the life of contemplation and theoretical wisdom must be the greatest of human virtues and the highest form of happiness. The objects of the contemplative life are the unchangeable and eternal verities that underlie and govern the universe. From contemplation of these truths the soul derives a feeling of purity and stability. â€Å"Further, this active is most continuous, for we are more able to contemplate continuously than we are to do anything else whatever. † (Nicomachean Ethics, 1177a). Also, the wise person is able to contemplate by himself, the wiser he is the more adept he will be doing so. Contemplative happiness is not dependent on other men. It is the form of life in which human beings come most nearly to being divine, the life that harmonizes with intellect, and that life seems to be the happiest, according to Aristotle. There is another kind of happiness, based on moral virtue and practical wisdom, which is concerned with feelings that spring from mans bodily nature. It can be defined as the harmonious coordination of all parts of mans complete being. This kind of happiness is not as exalted as the contemplative, but it helps prepare us for the higher happiness and, since man is not all mind and reason, gives us something to fall back upon when we are unable to remain continuously at the higher level. â€Å"For if there is a certain care for human things on the part of gods, as in fact there is held to be, it would be also reasonable for gods to delight in what is best and most akin to them – this would be the intellect – and to benefit in return those who cherish this above all and honor it, on the grounds that these latter are caring for what is dear to gods as well as acting correctly and nobly. † (Nicomachean Ethics, 1179a). This person is the happiest and a wise person would be extremely happy. I believe this idea has some hints of Plato’s forms. The one person who went outside of the cave and saw it all was brought down by all the people in the cave that didn’t see the outside. Aristotle states that you cannot be happy with a lot of friends because they are not true friends. I believe those excess friendships would be a similar situation in the cave. They would not bring your happiness, only suffering. Aristotle and Plato have similarities in their city states as well. Plato gives a place to women, but Aristotle does not seem to care for women. When reading Plato, the texts are in Socrates’s voice. It makes it hard to connect what he is saying, especially in the Republic since it is a play. Also, one cannot tell if Socrates, Plato, is being serious or straightforward or if it’s Socrates’s thoughts or Plato’s. In Nicomachean Ethics, the text is Aristotle’s lecture notes and he is the author of them. While reading, it seems that Plato comes out and gives his opinion on matters, but Aristotle presents them, but does not come out and say what his thoughts are. Plato and Aristotle were two philosophers who made a huge impact on philosophy. They were both great western philosophers. Plato and Aristotle each had ideas in how to better life by improving the societies in which they were part of during their lives. Although they are thought to have completely different views, when laid out, their views have some similarities.

Types of Gasoline Engines

Types of Gasoline Engines ABSTRACT Apetrol engine (a.k.a. gasoline engine in  North America) is an  internal combustion engine  with  spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels. It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German inventor  Nicolaus August Otto. Till date most vehicles run on petrol much more than any other fuel i.e. the consumption of petrol is highest among the fuels. We know that the fossil fuels are getting scarce and with the increasing rates of the fuel, there are high concerns regarding the efficiency of the engines that we use. â€Å"The Obama administration has required automakers to nearly double the average fuel economy of new cars and light trucks to 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025 under rules that took effect in 2012. The attention to fuel efficiency, Obama said, has resulted in lower costs, improved air quality and created jobs in the auto industry.†(source:The Guardian) The paper deals with getting a brief idea of the types of gasoline engines (namely 2 stroke and 4 stroke), their working and most importantly will include a study of the factors that affect the fuel efficiency. INTRODUCTION A petrol engine (a.k.a. gasoline engine in  North America) is an  internal combustion engine  with  spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels. Internal combustion engine The combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and heat is generated within the cylinder. This heat is added to the air inside the cylinder and thus the pressure of the air is increased tremendously which moves the piston , rotates the crank shaft and thus mechanical work is done Spark ignition engine – a mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the engine cylinder. The spark plug produces a spark and ignites the air- fuel mixture. Such combustion is called constant volume combustion (C.V.C.). Based on its working cycle, it can be divided into :- 1. Four stroke cycle engine When the cycle is completed in two revolutions of the crankshaft, it’s called four stroke cycle engine. 2. Two stroke cycle engine. When the cycle is completed in one revolution of crankshaft, it’s called two stroke cycle engine. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF I.C. ENGINE/ FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE / TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE A mixture of fuel with correct amount of air is exploded in an engine cylinder which is closed at one end. As a result of this explosion, heat is released which causes the pressure of the burning gases to increase This pressure forces a tightfitted piston to move down the cylinder which in turn rotates the crankshaft . Power is utilized from the rotating crank shaft to do mechanical work. To obtaincontinuous rotation of the crankshaft ,the used gases are expelled from the cylinder, before the next ignition takes place .Fresh charge of fuel and air are admitted in to the cylinder and the piston moved back to its starting position. The sequences of events taking place in an engine constitute the working cycle of an engine. The sequence of events taking place inside the engine are as follows- 1. Admission of air or air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder ( suction ) 2. Compression of the air or air fuel mixture inside the engine (compression) 3. Injection of fuel in compressed air for ignition of the fuel or ignition of air- fuel mixture by an electric spark using a spark plug to produce thermal power inside the cylinder (power ) 4. Removal of all the burnt gases from the cylinder to receive fresh charge (exhaust) Note: Charge means admitting fresh air in to the cylinder or admitting a mixture of air and fuel in to the cylinder in the case of spark ignition engines. FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE In four stroke cycle engines the four events suction, compression, power and exhaust take place inside the engine cylinder. They are completed in four strokes of the piston ( i.e 2 revolutions of the crank shaft). The engine has separate valves for controlling the inlet of charge and outlet of exhaust gases. The opening and closing of the valve is controlled by cams, fitted on camshaft. The camshaft is driven by crankshaft with help of suitable gears or chains. The camshaft runs at half the speed of the crankshaft. The events that take place are 1. Suction stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Power stroke 4. Exhaust stroke Suction stroke In suction stroke ,the inlet valves open and the piston moves downwards. The exaust valve remains closed and air or mixture of air and fuel is sucked in. Compression stroke In this stroke, both the valves are closed and the piston moves upwards. The charge taken inis compressed by the upward stroke. The mixture is ignited by a spark plug. Power stroke After ignition of fuel, high amount of heat is produced which pushes the piston down. The downward movement of the piston at this point is called power stroke. The connecting rod or pin transmits the power from the piston to the crank shaft and the crank shaft rotates. Both valves remain closed during the power stroke. Exhaust stroke In this stroke the exhaust valve opens and the piston moves upwards, expelling the burnt gases out. The inlet valve remains closed. remains closed . Thus it is found that out of four strokes, there is only one power stroke and three idle strokes in four stroke cycle engine. The power stroke supplies necessary momentum for useful work. TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE (PETROL ENGINE) In two stroke cycle engines, all the events i.e., suction, compression, power and exhaust are completed in two strokes of the piston (i.e., one revolution of the crankshaft). There is no valve in this type of engine. The gas movement takes place through holes called ports in the cylinder. The crankcase of the engine is air tight in which the crankshaft rotates. Two stroke cycle Upward stroke of the piston (Suction Compression) When the piston moves upward it covers two of the ports which are the exhaust port and the transfer port, which are normally almost opposite to each other. As a result it traps the charge of air- fuel mixture drawn already into the cylinder. The further upward movement of the piston compresses the charge and uncovers the intake port. Following it fresh mixture is drawn through this port into the crankcase. Just before the end of this stroke, the mixture in the cylinder is ignited by a spark plug and thus, during this stroke both suction and compression events are completed. Downward stroke (Power + Exhaust) The burning of gases increases the pressure and forces down the piston. When the piston moves down, it closes the suction  port, which traps the fresh charge drawn into the crankcase during the previous upward stroke. The further downward movement of the piston uncovers the exhaust port first and then the transfer port. Now fresh charge in the crankcase moves into the cylinder through the transfer port. The burnt out gases are driven out through the exhaust port. Special  shaped piston crown deflect the incoming mixture up around the cylinder so that it can help in driving out the exhaust gases . During the downward stroke of the piston, power and exhaust events are completed. THE COMPARISION (2 STROKE VS 4 STROKE) The 2-stroke engine fires once every revolution, giving it twice the power of a four stroke, which only fires once every other revolution. The 2 stroke has a higher weight to power ratio because it is much lighter than the 4 stroke. It is less expensive because of its simpler design. These qualities make two stroke engines very popular for a variety of uses from dirt bikes, jet skis, mopeds and small outboard motors, to lawn and garden equipment such as mowers, leaf blowers,edgers, hedge trimmers and chain saws. Many 2 strokes are simple engines and lack valves. Thus the timing of the intake and exhaust cannot be made optimal on 2 strokes. While on the other hand ,the timing of intake and exhaust can be controlled using timing gear in 4-stroke engines. As a result they burn less cleaner than the 4 stroke. The 2-stroke engines have faster wear and shorter engine life than a four stroke due to the lack of a dedicated lubricating system .Another thing to consider is that 2 stroke engines have lubricating oil mixed with the fuel because of which it leads to incomplete combustion of the fuel. Which in turn also affect the efficiency and often cause more pollution. The 2 stroke engines also produce higher decibels of noise. Hence it is banned in some places. Thus in a sense 4 stroke engines are more fuel efficient than 2 stroke engines. FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENCY Of the total heat energy released by the  gasoline  consumed, about 70-75% is rejected as heat without being turned into useful work ie to the crankshaft.Approx half of this rejected heat is carried away by the exhaust gases, and half passes through the cylinder walls or cylinder head into the engine cooling system, and is passed to the atmosphere via the cooling system radiator. Some of the work generated is also lost as friction, noise, air turbulence, and work used to turn engine equipment and appliances such as  water and oil pumps  and the electrical  generator, leaving only about 25-30% of the energy released by the fuel consumed available to move the vehicle.Thus the available energy needs to be used effectively in order to gain the most out of it. Weight One of the best ways to increase the fuel efficiency of the vehicles is to reduce down the weight. Which means replacing the heavier parts with the lighter ones .This needs to be done without compromising with the safety,performance and consumer preference of the vehicle. The lightest material for the car bodies is carbon fibre.though it comes with a hefty price. It is currently reserved for the very expensive cars and the high end sports car industry. Ten years ago, carbon fibre cost $150 for a pound.Now it costs around $10 a pound. On the other hand steel costs less than a dollar. Replacing the steel components with carbon fibre ones can reduce the car weight by approx 60 percent. This 60 percent reduce in weight would decrese the car’s fuel consumption by 30 percent and would cut the emissions of greenhouse gases by 10-20 percent. Displacement Displacementis the volume of air the engine can consume in a single revolution. It is generally denoted in litres. The more air the engine can move in, the more fuel it can burn. Thus a small compact bike engine will be more efficient than a truck’s engine. Compression ratio Most gasoline (petrol) engines have the compression ratio calculated purely from the geometry of the mechanical parts(geometriccompression ratio). 10:1 (premium fuel) or 9:1 (regular fuel), with some engines reaching a ratio of 12:1 or more. The greater the compression ratio the more efficient is the engine, in principle . Higher compression-ratio conventional engines in principle need gasoline with higher  octane  value .High octane value gives the fuel the tendency to burn nearly instantaneously (known as  detonation or knock) at high compression conditions. Fuel intake The carburetor system is adapted for the fuel intake. The carburetor contains jets that push the gas into the combustion chambers. The amount of fuel that can flow through these jets depends completely on the amount of air that can be pulled into the carburetor . The main issue with obtaining the best performance using a carburetor is that it cant monitor the air to fuel ratio for each individual cylinder. Fuel injection systems on the other hand are becoming more popular for best performance from the engines. The main benefits to using direct injection is that the amount of fuel and air can be perfectly released and then injected into the cylinder according to the engine load conditions. The electronics used in the system will calculate this information and constantly adjust. This type of controlled fuel injection results in a higher power output, greater fuel efficiency and much lower emissions. The main issues is that these systems are sophisticated and will cost much more than a carburetor. In the past years direct injection systems haveincreased the efficiency of the engines equipped with this fueling system up to 35% Oxygen If there is not enough  oxygen  for proper combustion, the fuel will not burn completely and will produce less energy. Relatively, an excessively rich air fuel ratio will increase pollutants from the engine. The fuel burns in three stages. Firstly, the hydrogen burns to form water vapour. Second, carbon burns to carbon monoxide and finally, the carbon monoxide burns to carbon dioxide. This last stage produces most of the power of the engine. If all of the  oxygen  is consumed before this stage, engines power is reduced. To increase the amount of oxygen, we need to increase the air intake. One way is through forced induced intake. A compressor can be added to force a larger charge .This can be done by mechanically driven supercharging or exhaust driven turbo charging. Mechanical Resistance Type of resistance car manufacturers are concerned with, called mechanical resistance, which has more to do with a vehicle’s mechanical components other than the tires. Mechanical resistance is described as the amount of effort it takes to move each individual piece of the vehicle’s drivetrain. The automatic transmissions generate more resistance than their manual counterparts. Mechanical resistance usually accounts for about a 15 percent drop in power from what the engine produces to what actually makes it to the pavement. Which means if an engine produces 100 horsepower, then only about 85 of those horses make it to the ground. An engine has many moving parts that produce  friction. Some of these friction forces remain constant while some of these friction losses increase as engine speed increases, such as piston side forces and connecting bearing forces Synthetic lubricants, light weight materials and tighter manufacturing tolerances can all contribute to less mechanical resistance in a vehicle. Aerodynamics At high speeds, and on exceptionally windy days,air resistance(the forces acted upon a moving object by the air also defined asdrag) has ­ a tremendous effect on the way a car accelerates, handles and achieves fuel mileage. Engineers have developed several ways ofreducing it. For instance, more rounded designs and shapes on the exterior of the vehicle are crafted to channel air in a way so th ­at it flows around the car with the least resistance possible. Some high-performance cars even have parts that move air smoothly across the underside of the car. Many also include aspoileralso known as arear wing to keep the air from lifting the cars wheels and making it unstable at high speeds. CONCLUSION Even after years of its discovery in the 19th century, gasoline (petrol) engines account for the most used engines currently ,much ahead of its diesel counterpart which is evident enough to denote our dependency on petrol. However petrol as we know is a limited resource. the rate at which it replenishes is way much lower than the rate at which we are consuming it .Moreover burning of the fuel causes pollution. Keeping that in mind and following the context of my study, I feel it is a great move by president Obama to order the vehicle industry to double the gross fuel economy of their vehicles by the year 2025

The factors that affect venture creation

The factors that affect venture creation ABSTRACT This research was conducted to examine the factors that positively or negatively affecting venture creation. Previous of researches concentrate on discussing the variable affecting the formation of new business; while this research intends to examine a new set of barrier and motivation variables influenced entrepreneurship. Random sample of entrepreneurs who were formed a small business, another group of respondents who intended to create new business, but they were found barriers to create the business. 73 participants take part in this research to identify the motivation barrier factors in the process of new venture creation. Factor analysis was performed to examine the aspects that motivate or barrier the creation of new business in Egypt. Correlation matrix analysis was performed to examine the motive and barrier causes to determine its importance. Variable should be over 0.50 Factor loading to be included in the factor. The relative importance of the result motives and barriers factors were determined by undertaking a descriptive analysis. Finally, testing if there is or not any difference in terms of the result factors. Significant difference between education level and both (Independence and Lack of Skills), result show that respondent with high education level are independent and have skills more than respondent with low education level. Age group is significantly affecting the independence factor. Moreover affect the complaint cost, implies that older respondent are more independent and have a capital more than younger respondents. Marital status found insignificant on motivate or barrier to create a new venture. Years of Experience found significant in terms of intrinsic rewards, lack of capital and compliant cost. Type of business found significant in terms of Extrinsic Rewards, Lack of Capital and Lack of Skills. Keywords: Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, New Venture, Small Business INTRODUCTION Entrepreneur creates value by carrying out new combinations causing discontinuity (Schumpeter 1936). According to (UNCTAD, 2007), business size defined based on the number of employees within the company, 0-9 (micro-businesses), 10-49 (small businesses), 50-249 (medium-sized businesses), 250 or more (large businesses). Numerous of Egyptian governmental authorities hardly work to foster the activities in different industries; The Industrial Modernization Program (IMP) is one of many initiatives of the Government of Egypt (GOE) supported by the European Commission (EC). Objective of this initiative is to help small business to develop global competitiveness in the industrial sector, to be able to benefit from the new opportunities that will follow the introduction of free trade and exposure to international markets. The Industrial Modernization Centre (IMC) is the implementation arm of the Program. Under IMP, Integrated Technical Assistance to Egyptian industrial companies will be delivered using business upgrading, training and export promotion services. This will address both companies determined to meet the competitive needs of the domestic market place, as well as those targeting export markets. Social Fund for Development (SFD), one of the most important mechanisms of society to change for the better as a safety net, reduce unemployment, create job opportunities and financing of small and micro business. Many aspects control the ability of create new ventures. Legal, political, and cultural environment directly impacts entrepreneurial activities and the ability to contribute to the economic development. International organizations, i.e., World economic forum (WEF), OECD and EUROSTATE designed indicators to measure the entrepreneurship and innovation worldwide and publish the indicators result in international publication in different languages and distributed worldwide. Networked readiness index (NRI) and Global competitiveness report (GCR), Global information technology report (GITR), is the most important report that produced by WEF. However, these publications determine the rank of each country. Investors depend on these reports to recognize investment opportunities. Several of barriers halt the creation of new venture; regulatory barriers come in the first important reasons affecting business formation. Regulations described as the policies that venture face during the formation phase, i.e. tax, labor market, fund, governmental regulations. Cultural and social barriers influence the creation of new venture. Lack of information and logistics about the market hold the business and exposed to risk. The promotion of entrepreneurial culture must be fostered in order to improve the motivation of persons for entrepreneurial activities. Economic and financial barriers strongly affect entrepreneurship, the risk of loss and fail is always dominant to stop the business. The tendency of self-employment is an important indicator of the success in creating a market economy. According to Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (2010 Q2), 14.5 % of the national workforce were self-employment managing employees, 12.1 % of the national workforce were self-employment and doesnt have employees to manage. According to (The Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010), Egypt ranked 41 for Venture capital availability, 63 for Business sophistication. 34 for Number of procedures required to start a business. 21 for Time required to start a new business, over 133 economy economies from the developing and developed world. That imply that governmental policies and procedures taken to foster the creation of new business and encourage SMEs to growth. Egyptian government gives especial interest to small business to enhance their capabilities to growth and face the local and international market. Egyptian government gives a different type of incentives for small business in different industries; information technology, agricultural and manufactures activities in the front of government interest to foster the economic and social development. Government gives donations and rebate for exporting goods outside Egypt reach to 10% of the total export sales amount. Therefore, the company can compete, take more international market share and enlarge business. To foster entrepreneurship, we need to recognize the barriers that affect entrepreneurship to overwhelm the barriers and create new policies, procedures to create a new venture. Many studies concentrate on the opportunities and challenge the entrepreneurs face in starting up new business. However, (Shaver Scott, 1991) have argued that traits approach would be a productive perspective in studying entrepreneurship. (Finnerty Krzystofik, Jul 1985) found insignificant influence among five demographic groups, gender, age, education level, salary and years of experience. Research raised some interesting result guide to some sort of deeply research, why gender position and number of dependents related to male or female affect the formation of new business, result also found that three important factors most influence creation of new business: 1) Market potential, 2) ability to secure finance, 3) return of investment and satisfaction of creation the business. This implies that family commitment enforces ones and becomes under stress to fulfill family needs. Ones will do anything possible to save reasonable life for his/her dependents. (Gendron, Feb 2000) Innovation involves a lot of trial and error. Entrepreneur tries on a small scale, and if he/she success, enlarge the scale of experiment, and if not, tries another. Big companies not built as big, i.e. Hotmail. It was a small entrepreneurial idea then developed and become the very large project. (Bhide, 2000) The characteristics of promising new venture and their founders are carefully defined and contrasted with those of more established firms, and we must examine the issue of the entrepreneurial personality. (JoAnn C Carland, Oct 2000) Although the concept of entrepreneurship still new, there is a big deal of researches in that area and more is being planned as entrepreneurship has finally come into fashion as a popular concept today. Recognize the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is unlikely given that we seem to jump into the middle of the process, business performance and growth, while neglecting its backgrounds. They explain the evidence that venture initiation acts of human choice, and to recognize why a person and not another chooses to create a venture. Over the past two decades, huge corporate reducing has led governments around the world to increasingly acknowledge entrepreneurs as key contributors to new job creation and economic growth. Egypt has joined the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research project in 2008. Place Egypt on the global map of entrepreneurship and benchmarks its entrepreneurial performance against that in 42 developed and developing economies. According to (World Bank, 2011) Egypt has risen to 94th out of 183 economies in the 2011 Doing Business report, issued jointly by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), after coming in 99th in the last years report. That implies the significant progress in the process of improvement undertaken by the Egyptian government to fostering the creation of new business. Why new venture is important? The new business role in enhancing community and developing economies was studied widely in prior researches, since new ventures to contribute significantly in economics development. Small Business is a job generator, and it has a great part in solving the unemployment problems. So, the Egyptian government has strongly emphasized on developing and encouraging entrepreneur to start and gives them many incentives. We cannot business startup a business without motivation (Robertson, et al. 2003). The common possible factors that affect entrepreneurial performance are the individual, social and environmental (Kavitha, et al., 2008). According to (Gibb, 1993) social factors may involve individual knowledge, family background, and stage of career, life experiences and growth environment. Small businesses form the largest business sector in every world economy (Culkin Smith, 2000). Research shows that small firms play a vital role in the flourishing economy. Since it shares in the real gross domestic product, employ a huge number of workforce. Moreover, self-employment serves as an opportunity for many of the people to better themselves by taking their fate (and risks) into their own hands and generating new businesses. In countries such as Malaysia, Brazil, Philippines, and India, small businesses can comprise as much as 60% of all companies. Even in Africa, businesses create more employment and generate more output than large businesses. However, In spite of small business dominance and its role both in terms of absolute numbers and its contributions in economic activity), small businesses are known by high failure rates and poor performance levels (Jocumsen, 2004). Previous studies outline some challenges and some opportunities facing entrepreneurs. People vary in their willingness and ability to engage in the entrepreneurial Process because of how they perceive the surrounding environment -challenges and. motivations- and translate their perceptions of risk and opportunity according to their norms and preferences. This variation influences the entrepreneurial decisions. Challenges facing the small ventures like, Taxes and Regulation. Small business owners frequently cite tax and regulatory policies as a concern, global competition (Chad Moutray, October 2008). In another survey which focused on the challenges and growth strategies of small businesses conducted by accounting group. The main findings were reported from 6000 independent small and medium businesses across 19 countries find that the competitive environment, the availability of a skilled workforce, financial problem, bureaucracy, lack of knowledge about markets, and political and social instability were the main challenges face small business. Global competition, lack of human resource/ development skills and access to adequate finance are the main challenges face all business in Africa (Brinders et al., 2003). The challenges differ from country to another but in all countries these challenges affect negatively on the success and survival of the enterprises. Motivations It is often said that a person cannot win a game that they do not play. In the context of entrepreneurship, this statement suggests that success depends on peoples willingness to become entrepreneurs. A business will neither start up nor succeed without motivation (Robertson et al, 2003). Motivation is reported as an individuals positive inner desire to start a business like, owners need to take control and change his/her work status as an employee, being ones own boss, wealth creation, lifestyle change and the desire to use or apply personal experiences and knowledge (Burke, et al., 2002); (Birley Westhead 1994); (Mason Pinch 1991); (Singh DeNoble 2003). The positive inner called pull forces. Furthermore, there are some negative motivations affect this decision. It is called negative drivers or negative motivation such as job frustration, lack of advancement opportunities, avoidance of low-paid occupations, escape from supervision and unemployment and retrenchment (Mo ore Buttner, 1997). These negative inner called push forces. Typically, small business ownership occurs from the combination of both pull and push forces. Combination of pull and push motivations that drive small venture is determined by the expectations of a positive change in personal circumstance, being ones own boss, personal freedom, personal satisfaction, a less rigid, more flexible lifestyle and more job satisfaction. (Al-Zubeidi, 2005) Then educational level combined with age, gender, ethnicity, and industry, to determine the relationships between founders educational background, and business success. (Harada, Nov 2004) examine whether the total factor productivity is affected by the human capital and gender of entrepreneurs, Empirical results also show that age has a significantly negative effect on productivity, and the negative effect increases after 60 years of age. The results specify the importance of starting up while young. Feasibility study, assessment of entrepreneur characteristics for some extent determines the approval of the project and the amount of governmental funds. (Liang, et al., 2007) in their study to examine the triggering factors to create the new venture found that the popular reason to start the new business was saw an opportunity 80.5%. A large proportion of the respondents indicated want to reach my full potential. (Shaw, et al., 2009) discuss the interaction between gender, entrepreneurial capital and firm performance; they examine how gender forms the possession of entrepreneurial capital and discusses the effects of capital variance for business performance. They found that male owners were more than double as likely to hire staff. In total, 33 % of male owners, but only 17 % of female owners hire additional staff, another finding that significant gender differences in two out of seven personal goals, with female business owner rating, personal achievement, challenging yourself and personal vision more highly than their male counterparts. (Krasniqi, 2009) The males, those who live in urban areas in a larger family, have a higher chance to involve in entrepreneurial activities, while a feeble positive effect of age and insignificant effect of marital status are found. (Orser Dyke, 2009) for some extent the importance of success criteria differed by gender, but not all success criteria: male and female managers and entrepreneurs did not differ with respect to the importance related to work-life balance. For female, an increase in the importance related to professional autonomy was associated with decreased chance of being employed in a management role. For male, an increase in importance related to financial issues was reflected in an increase chance of being employed in a management role. (Korunka, et al., 2010) build a model based on literature and case research. Family inactivity is considered to be a barrier factor to prevent the creation of forceful capabilities. They also found that family inactivity depends on characteristics of the family business culture, where entrepreneurial orientation influence family inactivity positively and negatively, respectively. The objective of this research is to identify the aspects triggers of barriers the creation of new venture. Study of these aspects helps government authorities to set policies and procedures to facilitate the growth of small business that leads to more contributions in domestic growth product (GDP). The previous literature forms the body of analysis and tries to answer the questions. 1) Does the demographic variable have a significant influence on motivation to create the new venture? 2) Does the demographic variable have a significant influence on the barrier to create the new venture? This paper will study external motivation/challenges and also the internal traits which affect the entrepreneurs decision to start up or stop venture in the rural area in Egypt. The study will concentrate on Giza, Cairo and Helwan governorates While, it does not discuss the policy solutions. Two hypotheses emerged. They are: H1: Demographic variable has a significant influence on motivation creating the new venture. H1a: Extrinsic Rewards H1b: Independence H1c: Personal Rewards H1d: Intrinsic Rewards H2: Demographic variable has a significant influence to the barrier creating the new venture. H2a: Lack of Capital H2b: Lack of Skills H2c: Compliant Costs MATERIALS AND METHODS The data from entrepreneurs was collected in several areas, including the entrepreneurs business motivations information, problems and barriers they faced. Setting: The research was conducted two questionnaires, one to measure the motivations and the second questionnaire to measure the obstacles and barriers the entrepreneurs found in starting up new ventures. The frequency analysis was used to describe the many types of variables, which were related to the entrepreneurs. Participants: A total number of 73 participants took part in the research article. From the sample, respondent sample stated below in Table 1. The data used for this research was collected from Giza, Cairo and Helwan governorates in the period November and December 2010; methodology of collecting data was a face to face interview. Reliability: Test Reliability test was concerned with the degree to which a measurement was free of error, and we can depend on it to measure. The result revealed a value of 0.73 for motivation factors and 0.81 for barrier factors, which suggest a fair level of internal consistency within the data collected, since the acceptable value is 0.70 or higher (McKinniRE:s et al. 2001). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1 show demographic variables into two groups that create a new venture and those didnt. There were no significant differences between the groups in five areas: marital status, education level, age group and years of experience. Significant difference is found in two areas: gender and type of business by 90% confidence interval. Table 1: Demographic Profile of Start-Up vs. Non-Start-Up New Venture Item Create New Venture Percentage Responding in Each Category à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 Sig. Gender Male Female 3.25a 0.07 Yes 26 (76.5%) 8 (23.5%) No 22 (56.4%) 17 (43.6%) Marital Status Single Married W Children Married WO Children 0.34b 0.84 Yes 27(79.4%) 3 (8.82%) No 5 (74.4%) 29(12.82%) Education Level Lower Tertiary Tertiary Master Doctorate 0.89c 0.64 Yes 24(70.6%) 10(29.41%) No 1 (2.6%) 27 (69.2%) 11(28.2%) Age Group 30-40 41-50 51-60 5.03d 0.17 Yes 4 (11.8%) 26 (76.5%) 3 (8.8%) 1 (2.9%) No 6 (15.4%) 23 (59.0%) 10 (25.6%) Years of Experience 5-10 11-15 15-20 > 20 years 2.25e 0.69 Yes 5 (14.7%) 11 (32.4%) 8 (23.5%) 9 (26.5%) 1(2.9%) No 3 (7.7%) 13 (33.3%) 9(23.1%) 10(25.6%) 4(10.3%) Type of Business Product Service Both 5.15f 0.08 Yes 9 (26.5%) 19 (55.9%) 6 (17.6%) No 3 (7.7%) 30 (76.9%) 6 (15.4%) Table 2: Correlation and Importance of Motivation Variables to Create New Venture Motivation Factors Mean Std. Dev. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1. To challenge myself 4.12 1.01 -0.02 0.15 0.13 .34** 0.00 0.17 .33** 0.17 0.17 -.10 .24* .27* -0.07 -.080 0.20 .28* 2. To realize my dream 4.23 0.91 0.16 0.19 0.22 .60** 0.13 0.18 .37** .29* 0.09 -.18 -.41** .24* 0.08 -0.09 -.33** 3. To earn more money 4.12 1.13 0.04 .26* .37** 0.22 .37** 0.04 -.18 .40** 0.19 0.00 -.29* 4. To provide a comfortable retirement 3.96 1.21 .31** -0.08 .49** 0.19 -.34** -.29* 5. To keep a large proportion of the proceeds 3.90 1.12 .33** -0.05 0.09 0.19 0.00 0.03 0.09 -0.06 6. To work at a location of my choice 3.78 1.12 .44** 0.18 .25* 0.16 0.09 7. To be my own boss 3.67 1.24 0.09 0.22 .36** 0.10 0.16 0.04 -.14 0.17 0.09 0.09 0.20 .59** .39** 8. To have an interesting 3.60 1.16 .40** .25* 0.12 .40** 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.15 0.14 0.03 0.15 9. To take advantage of a market opportunity 3.58 1.31 .46** .59** 0.02 0.02 .26* 0.10 0.13 0.09 0.09 10. To make my own hours 3.30 1.42 .40** .41** .46** -.30** 0.03 .43** -0.09 0.10 .36** .39** 11. To invest my personal savings 3.30 1.28 .43** -0.20 0.08 12. The need for a job 3.27 1.40 -0.09 0.13 .34** .37** 13. To increase my status/prestige 3.26 1.43 -0.01 0.10 14. To take advantage of my creative talents 3.25 1.46 0.13 0.16 0.15 .41** .360** 0.13 .56** -.26* -.15 .24* -0.04 0.16 0.14 .32** 15. To receive a salary based on merit 3.03 1.42 -.05 -0.14 .33** -0.01 0.12 0.10 0.04 16. To follow the example of a person I admire 2.73 1.44 .50** 17. To maintain a family tradition 2.30 1.21 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) The respondents were motivated by a plenty of factors for starting new business. The motivating variables and its correlation with other factors exposed in Table 2. To challenge myself was ranked as the most important variable followed closely by to realize my dream and To earn more money. These findings are consistent with (Choo Wong, 2006). Entrepreneurs were found also motivated by a set of variables that relate to the issue of extrinsic rewards that include, To take advantage of a market opportunity, To receive a salary based on merit, To take advantage of my creative talents, The need for a job, To make my own hours, To keep a large proportion of the proceeds and To provide a comfortable retirement. Another set of variables in terms of independence. To be my own boss is consistent with (Choo Wong, 2006). Second motivation factors are related to independence that included: To be my own boss, To realize my dream and To have interesting. Third motivation factors in terms of personal reward include: To challenge myself, To Work at a location of my choice and To earn more money; this result is consistent with (Mazzaro, et al., 1999) Fourth set of motivation factors include: To invest my personal savings, To increase my status/prestige and To maintain a family tradition. important factor that conceded to create new business. The fourth set includes called intrinsic rewards; include investing my personal savings, to increase my status/prestige and To maintain a family tradition. Table 3: Rotated Component Matrixa for Motivation to Create New Venture Factors Rotated Component Matrix(a) Extrinsic Rewards Independence Personal Rewards Intrinsic Rewards Q8. To take advantage of a market opportunity 0.91 Q10. To receive a salary based on merit 0.88 Q3. To take advantage of my creative talents 0.86 Q13. The need for a job 0.84 Q7. To make my own hours 0.73 Q9. To keep a large proportion of the proceeds 0.66 Q11. To provide a comfortable retirement -.65 Q4. To be my own boss 0.78 Q2. To realize my dream 0.72 Q5. To have an interesting -.60 Q1. To challenge myself 0.74 Q12. To work at a location of my choice 0.74 Q6. To earn more money -.70 Q14. To invest my personal savings 0.78 Q15. To increase my status/prestige 0.66 Q17. To maintain a family tradition 0.58 Eigenvalues 4.82 2.44 2.02 1.82 Percentage of Variance Explained 28.34 14.33 11.90 10.72 Scale Reliability 0.83 0.59 0.58 0.51 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 7 iterations. The respondents were faced plenty of barriers for starting new business. The barrier variables and its correlation with other factors exposed in Table 4. The barriers and their descriptive statistics are shown in Table 3. Bad economic indicators in general were ranked as the most constraining start-up barrier to create new business that is consistent with (Choo Wong, 2006) who found these variables, which are general business environment in nature, were perceived as a major barrier among non-starters. Lack of info about biz start-up and High taxes and fee are closely the following the important factors. Three sets of barriers factors are extracted, the first is related directly to a lack of capital that include: Risk greater than initially expected, Lack of marketing skills, Lack of savings or assets, Lack of managerial/financial expertise, Difficulty in obtaining finance, Fear of failure and Finding the right partner, This was consistent with (Robertson et al, 2003) reported that lack of resources, in terms of financing was the major factor to forming a business. The second set is lack of skills that includes: Lack of support from family/friends, No one to turn to help me, the uncertainty of the future, convincing others it is a good idea and Lack of info about biz start-up. The third set of factors is complaint cost. That includes: Compliance with government regulations, finding suitable labor, Lack of suitable premises and High taxes and fee. A factor analysis was conducted to formulate the structure of motivation among studied variables. Factors were extracted from Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis, Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Variable should be over 0.50 Factor loading to be included in the factor. In terms of the motivation factors, the resulting factors were interpreted as Extrinsic Rewards (seven items), Independence (three items), Personal (three items) and Intrinsic Rewards (three items). Only one item, which is To follow the example of a person I admire, failed to load onto any factor. Previous researches resulting three factors (Kurakto et al, 1997; Volery et al, 1997; Yusuf and Schindehutte, 2000; Choo Wong, 2006). Moreover, we have extract personal rewards as the forth factors affect creation of new business. The item loadings of the four resulting factors, collected with their respective eigenvalues and percentage of variance as shown in Table 3. This resulting factor solution accounted for 65.29 % of the variance. The resulting coefficient Cronbachs